Xu Youyu, a famous scholar, researcher at the CASS Institute of Philosophy. Oxford University in England, Bristol University, Reading University, Harvard University, Chinese University of Hong Kong, a visiting scholar at Stockholm University in Sweden and France, higher Social Sciences Visiting Professor Institute. long-term philosophy of language, from the beginning of last century, modern Western political philosophy and ideology of contemporary Chinese society. published On the one hand, China was a great social and economic development, on the other hand, a variety of gradual accumulation of contradictions and obvious. the face of a series of these problems, the Chinese intellectuals did not stand idly by. from nine of the last century ten generations, Liberalism and the New Left has been the rise of schools participating in the debate, they present problems in China have raised their own diagnostic and views. How should we look at how to understand it? Chinese Academy of Philosophy Xu Youyu the researchers analyzed it for us.
1 thought Chinese society since the nineties differentiation status
friends, very happy to have the opportunity to come to Guangzhou, and join in the exchange. We all know from the last century 90 years, along with the transformation of society, intellectual divisive, generating some heated debate, as activists involved in controversial thought, I view the situation and I introduce to you to make some.
ideological divide and opposing the broad contours of the case. (the century) 90 people most of the intellectual debate in the 80's position is consistent support to the market-oriented economic reform and opening up and liquidation of the former leftist critical line, agree free , democracy, rule of law values that inherited from the May Fourth tradition, in the .90 s to do after enlightenment to intellectual divisive situation with one of the basic values adhere to the original, through critical reflection to make some adjustments, and to explore ways to increase the basic values for the institutional arrangements to implement, so that the original value of the depth. The other faction was largely critical and fundamental values of the original negative to the left-wing thought and Western social standards. In short, the school of thought human beings have a universal value and those who the idea that just before the hegemony of the West, to the liberation of thought to a first order out of chaos, engaged in a second emancipation.
from the late 90s, the issue is increasingly clear, from the must be standardized, checks and balances mechanism should be established. The other faction believed to be primarily external factors, from globalization and international capital, from the market economy, to re-evaluate and sure to be criticized as a leftist line and what they called Marxist heritage a preference for conservatism and conservative camps have claimed liberal, front become less clear.
course, this shows that either dualism or the three pillars, are very general and simplistic, far does not reflect the thinking of Chinese society and opposition division and complexity of the rich. For example, the original leftist thought has not subsided, and the recent very active; another example of feminism, environmentalism, etc., can be regarded as a rising star of social thought.
now talk about Western is not exactly the same as left, many of which where dislocation.
for the following reasons, I think that the Ming, Wallenstein, Gunder? Frank, Edward? Said, Dos Santos and Chomsky, and so often their articles and statements published in the Western New Left journals; Second, they and the Chinese old left the same, only anti-capitalist and market economy, not anti-authoritarian; three, with the old left, they are certainly the practice of Mao Zedong, known to citation or to introduce Locke, Hume, Montesquieu, Adam? Smith, Burke, Hayek, and China's Hu, Chu Anping and so on. Its basic idea is simply to say: First, the market economy, freedom, justice competition; Second, protection of personal freedoms and rights, such as freedom of speech and property rights; third, constitutional government and rule of law, government power should be subject to checks and balances.
2 in the seven liberal and New Left opposition on the issue and
liberal and New Left arguments in China today nearly every major political, social and cultural issues are different, opposing views, in the following areas, more pronounced opposition and controversy.
problems A: market economy and social injustice. transformation of shocking problems of corruption and social injustice, causing concern and debate the intellectuals. the point is not to recognize the difference, or does not recognize the existence of our society of corruption and social injustice, opposed or defended. In recognition of facts, in terms of moral objections, we are the same, the main point of disagreement is that the problem lies in the market economy itself, so you want to criticize and resist, or that because the market is not out of the old power system control , immature, not standardized, so way out is to develop and improve the market economy.
problems II: Globalization and the WTO. liberals basic position is: China should adopt a positive attitude to meet the globalization era because it is a historical necessity. and the New Left against China with a positive attitude toward globalization and accession to the WTO, believing it is unfair to China into the world capitalist system. Some people say the only Third World countries now mission is to promote global anti-capitalist struggle, and so has a new and fair economic system after participating in globalization.
question three: With regard to China's national conditions. Some people assert that Chinese society is now capitalism or a market society, is part of the world capitalist system, diagnosis. problem, the result is the critical line of sight within the community to divert from China.
question four: how to view the Great Leap Forward, the people's communes, Cultural Revolution ;, said, openly praises said to be May Fourth and be rejected. opposed stance to defend the Enlightenment, to defend the 80s movement and the emancipation of the direction of the New Culture Movement.
question six: on the modernization itself. West in modern times there has been criticism of modernization, This criticism is more severe in the contemporary, more systematic, Chinese intellectuals to question and oppose the modern Western thought who used their no shortage. Some people think that China's modernization blocked and frustrated the problem does not exist, the danger facing China is to re-change into colonies. opposing point of view, we should be wary of Western theories dislocation occurred in China, Western and Chinese theories produced in very different conditions.
seven issues: opposition in a series of international issues. New Left position and ultra-nationalist stance of some overlap, they used the policy is the spread of terrorism and the reason was that terrorism is the power of small nations or groups of desperate resistance, so there is a sense of justice. The liberals have always said that guard against extreme nationalism, it was felt blind nationalism in China since the May Fourth intellectuals, one of the biggest mistakes.
3 why liberalism emerged in the 90s?
now turn to why liberalism in the 90 formal appear.
First of all, the most important reform direction of the market economy to be recognized. In a way, liberalism, economics, language system in China has achieved legal status, economists can talk about classical liberal economics, talk about the flourish. a book entitled modernization movement in China extensively carried out, the gradual establishment of the historical status Hu, Hu ideological content of modern consciousness is bound to recognize people.
Third, from the mid-90s, the continent another round of translation and publication boom, while great attention by the liberal writings, has aroused great repercussion, most notably with Hayek's the enemy. > Now, let us analyze the Chinese New Left emerged in the 90's the reason.
First, and most importantly, from the mid 90's, people felt more and more obvious in China, in addition to and not far-left vestiges restricted the powers of repression addition, there was another evil, another form of oppression, another reason for social injustice, which is money, and capital strength. the old ills and oppression has existed for many years, For many people, this is the reality born there, has turned a blind eye. except for a few, and most people enjoy the same limited freedom, suffering from the lack of freedom in most cases. and money caused by the inequality on people's psychological much larger impact on the formation of your neighbors, colleagues, friends, relatives as long as people buy a car, moved to new homes will stimulate your nerves, makes you mentally unbalanced.
above views can also be from the analysis of the Chinese Traditional Culture to be supported. China's traditional lack of personal freedom and individual rights of factors, although the Chinese society has always been unequal, but the idea of equality is very strong, the Chinese people since ancient times said to believe in saints ; do not suffer from a time-honored. to see another form of oppression and inequality are emerging, it is very important. The problem is that this new form of oppression and inequality are not already replaced the original that one, or nothing to do with the original that a . To put it bluntly is that China's fundamental problem is the need to reform the political system or economic exploitation of capitalism has become the main issue? I think mainly the former, and the latter attached to the former.
since China emerged from 90 years rapid social transformation, political and social issues become complex, staggered, which requires people to discuss the issue of China has a sound sense of reality. I mean, we should not only see certain aspects of the problem, and to appropriately balance its weight. It has long been noted that the New Left in China, many people of professional literature, they observed the way the issue with the Chinese literary features, such a person sensitive, good at capturing some of the new trends and symptoms , but not from the perspective of the number of issues and statistics. the oppression of capital and money does occur, but this is far from that, China has become a capitalist society, China's problem has been the exploitation of capitalism or the capitalist world system problem.
the tone of fun, some get a Ph.D. in the United States to teach Chinese in the United States became the new left force. their universities in the United States is all the new left secondary school, post-modern, postcolonial theory, their mentors with these theoretical critique of Western society and capitalism, they put this theory into the reality of China, to this end, they say China is suitable for their theory of capitalist society.
New Left 4 liberalism and the new debate
Now, I return to liberalism and the New Left in the case of the new century, that is, the latest developments. Some people say, liberalism and the New Left fashionable for a while After already does not prevail, I think this judge is not accurate. From June 2004 onwards, public criticism of Lang Haier, TCL, and three companies use Greencool misappropriation of property rights reform of state-owned assets, causing extensive media and public concerned about the economics profession and the business community a variety of responses backlash triggered another round of debate on the reform of state enterprises.
from the media (including network) reflects the view of public opinion to support the views of Lang is one-sided, Lang scholars who criticize severely criticized. Overall, the New Left was strongly supported the views of Lang, and advocates of free market economists stand on the opposite Lang. But after careful observation and in-depth analysis can be found, it simply can not support or oppose state-owned enterprises into the reform of property rights, said to be the New Left and the liberal opposition.
economists Weiying were to be considered the typical liberal position, he stressed To treat people who contribute to society. He said the process of state-owned enterprise reform is a process of increasing social wealth, that can not see people who buy money, and said the loss of state assets. He considered a more serious problem, but the state government's misappropriation of private property can not occur because of the potential loss of state assets on the termination of the reform of state-owned enterprises .
at the end of August at the published a fierce words supported Lang.
Lang problem is, he advocated not to engage in property rights reform, the problems do not recognize state-owned enterprises that operate state-owned enterprises well, and efficiency better than private enterprises is poor, he used to prove that the data Since the state-owned monopoly industries in Hong Kong listed company, which no convincing. His view seems to have changed before and after, and later agreed that the reform of state-owned enterprises should only advocated by Tsingtao mode. This makes the two sides in a large direction is not much difference, but with different emphasis and focus.
can say that most liberals do not hold the market first, and not just the point of view, their position can be summarized as follows (in fact they never this is the expression): A, strongly advocated the reform of market-oriented economy, to form the ultimate power to prevent the looting of the mechanisms involved; Second, the critical current of reform in a serious injustice to require standardizing the market economic system, eliminate the power of intervention ; Third, that the fundamental way to solve the problem and the urgent need to immediately put political reform on the agenda.
contrast, can liberalism and understood the differences between the New Left: A former advocate and seek to promote the market economy , talking about the norm, the ideal market economy, the benefits, including the fundamental for the achievement of the benefits of social justice, while the latter is mainly about the evils of market economy; Second, the former power of criticism led the current reform, but did not conclude that the current reform nature is naked plundering and looting, which the current reform is much more critical to severe, is basically holding a comprehensive and thoroughly negative attitude, and even advocates do not reform; Third, liberals have a constitutional democracy the goals and program The New Left did not show interest in political reform.
this controversy makes the so-called economic liberalism and political liberalism apparent distinction between the two parts have in common, that is to share some important ideas and value, but differ on some major issues (such as critical of the reality of inequality and social injustice of the attention).
years ago I made on the economic liberalism such as the following criticism: (for example, individual economists) to apply the doctrine of the ideal market conditions, theories, concepts, formulas used to analyze the current economic problems, and the ubiquitous power of intervention, changing the policy so that their research is purely academic. It was the Chinese equivalent to the democratic process in the formation and development of the middle class, that in addition to waiting for the growth of this class can not do anything else outside of hh in China, do some people think that the market is privatization, in order to accelerate the pace of reform of impunity as an excuse public to private, to reform the cost and expense of ordinary people pushed to the whole body. may have a few self-proclaimed liberals who support or more than the default behavior, but the real liberalism is incompatible with this. It has been argued that should not have acknowledged that economic liberalism is liberalism, I think this is not a realistic attitude, a strong advocate of the theory of market economy should be a species of liberalism, which demonstrate and promote the role of the market economy can not be denied. old left to criticize it vigorously in the name of neo-liberal critique, from the summer of 2005 in the economics of education and economics textbooks in the field of clearing, indicating the positive effect of economic liberalism can not be denied.
5 rise of cultural conservatism Behind
Now, let's talk about nationalism and the emergence of cultural conservatism and liberalism, the New Left and the relationship between tradition and cultural conservatism.
talking about this issue, you must first talk about nationalism. from 90 onwards, with the number of major international events and international conflicts, nationalist sentiment in China when there are high and sometimes reaches a fever pitch level. followed by a heated debate, discussion and further research might not be back .
the performance of contemporary Chinese nationalism is very hypocritical and vulgar, like many college students can throw a stone to hit the U.S. embassy, while rushing to test TOFFE and the visa office; North a female student, trying to mention making things difficult for Clinton visit problems make him an awkward, over two years, married into the United States, are showing off her two things. For this reason, scholars are not very concerned, but we should note that although the theory of nationalism, not the level, it is strongly and lasting, and often emotional impulse.
nationalist discourse back in the early 90s, first, because the late 80's huge domestic incident and changes in Eastern Europe followed the Soviet Union, so have to resort to nationalist ideology, the need for . Some political scholars and intellectuals on the sensitive feel the need to take the initiative to word that appeals to nationalism need to obtain the right to speak.
Xiao Gongqin in can enable the modernization of the Confucian mainstream culture-based nationalism as a social cohesion and integration of resources. the old socialist ideology and economic development of the performance is one of the foundations of political legitimacy, but not enough, not with national then the rich history and traditional cultural resources. On the other hand, the contemporary Confucian confrontation with modernization no longer able to multiple times in the main provide for the rights and obligations based on settle down.
1996 published the not Some chapter titles (such as is based on: Americans not only evil, but stupid. such as the authors say: in the understanding of the United States may be better than the American youth hh fact, the U.S. signs the younger generation fall in drugs, sex and video-game behind, have appeared to be abandoned by the clues of human civilization. America's future cadres on the basis that the composed of such people. And America's current generation of popular thinking --- Mark fallen more and more obvious. adhere to the peaceful settlement of the hh not renouncing the use of force much larger than the critical voices.
also the voice of reason and sober, Sun Liping in the from distant countries have become a real competitor to imitate objects, frequent conflicts of interest; At the same time, the history of humiliation and stifled by the long-term poverty, national pride and self-confidence rapid recovery. of the view that the world insist on some of the most clear-cut State nationalism is often the most resistant to the mainstream of modern civilized countries, and some even that is the world's most backward countries. Therefore, China should consciously choose mainstream of the world civilization, consciously into one, rather than find another its way.
90s in the last century half of liberalism and the New Left is the private thoughts of the major players on the stage, the formation of binary opposition. And in the new century, the cultural conservatism emerged into a binary opposition the triangle, heat and cultural conservatism Guoxue development gaining momentum, a great come from behind in this. Seriously, the Learning Craze in the first half of the 90s appeared before, but in the old leftist orthodoxy under the warnings and punitive retreat in panic , die a natural death. This time is different, in 2004, due to In 2005, a series of traditional Chinese Confucian doctrine of the case, causing widespread concern and discussion.
2004 �� 12 28, the cultural conservatism publication 10th anniversary of founding, held in Beijing, the theme of collision situations. from the meeting room of the speech situation, the new left is not opposed to cultural conservatism, but few specific ideas, but there are more liberal thinking, whether sympathetic or critical of the nature of support for opposition. In fact, in 2004 and 2005, Learning in the discussion around, whether positive or negative comments made, liberals are very positive and active.
2004 �� very remarkable thing is that in reading debate in a group of young liberal scholars, such as the autumn wind, Liu H, Fan Yafeng, have clearly expressed their support, have stressed the value of traditional Chinese culture and the importance of reason and enlightenment are strongly critical of traditional shocks. They call themselves the an academic subject to the influence of Hayek and the Scottish school, his own position as Department or, worse, they think out of the traditional, relying on the traditional criticism of any institutions have established the characteristics of human design, rather than a spontaneous vitality.
there are still scholars conservatism and fundamentalism, is the habit of continuity, not just the demands of the exciting world of ideas. a society without the slightest tradition, will mean not the slightest freedom. rule of law itself is a system of cultural conservatism, which advocates continuity, and dependent on the entire community in the legal, cultural values, social ethics and even the way some private emotional continuity. conservatives come together, but in fact this impression is not accurate, because not all, not even most liberals are enamored of conservatism, conservative critics of liberalism have a lot of people backward. For example, Yuan Weishi had strong political conservatism critical attitude, he said: The worthies descendants of collective Harbourside, retains all the great country veto power and discretion, Notes on Hospitals in the state system they are certain to dominate the House and Tongru homes! However, this wonderful design will immediately run into insurmountable obstacles : How to determine which Tongru r l r and l on behalf of the legitimacy of the state system. institutional arrangements. like me in an argument that if the too much, just trying to oppose the resumption of the orthodox tradition and the status of the Chinese back to the trying to talk about Confucian revival of Confucianism did not mention the decline of the power of intervention and repression, but he kept on the New Culture Movement, the Enlightenment, to promote science and democracy into liquidation, it does not respect the historical facts, is not conducive to the restoration of Confucianism and development.
Conclusion:
Finally, the future debate about the future prospects of the two factions.
I think, in the foreseeable future, China's social transition is not a dramatic event or significant change before liberalism and the New Left debate will always continue, even after that, there may exist.
we know, from modern to contemporary, far more than a century, liberalism and the New Left has not stopped the debate because for large-scale industrial production and social organization, for the modern social life, spiritual life, cultural life, the existence of two main observation and evaluation of different angles. from nearly a century ago, the two positions, two the opposite trend, reflected in the struggle for China's intellectual, but also become one of the main intellectual debate. If we can not say in the near future of Western and Third World countries and the new left-liberal end of the debate , then we can not predict such arguments will end in China.
In fact, it is important is not the ideological stance of the international community must be reflected in the domestic opposition, the key is that China's social transformation problems exposed, just easy people from two different positions and perspectives of the main observation and evaluation.
For liberals, the history of the world to accept China's development and social progress of civilization prompted by the common criteria for integration into the globalization process and achieve constitutional democracy, is inevitable and unstoppable trend, they look for this, except they threw towards a protection of individual freedom and rights, rule of law, subject to checks and balances system of government power, there is no other choice.
and For the New Left, the Chinese modernization, democratization is a process standard, the typical process of capitalism, the Western Left, the New Left critique of this process for all, can be borrowed to China. Needless to say, with the the Chinese great development of market economy, they will increasingly feel that they have reason to regard China as a capitalist society, so the more reason to copying of the Western New Left of the diagnosis of Western society in China.
New Left, if not that will last forever, at least for a long period of history there, because it seems the market will be an irresistible trend of economic dominance or dominant position occupied, the new left critics thought the market as there will be, regardless of market functioning how well is more good than harm, or more harm than good, as the two hundred years of history have shown.
As for liberalism, can assert that its survival in China will be very long. It 30 and 40 years of the 20th century was active, it was just cry first test, after half a century of silence would appear to inter-generational legend that its inherent vitality. If, in harsh liberal civil war inevitable to be pushed to one side, then the market economy, in times of peace the process of constitutional construction, it must have its uses. Perhaps one day, when the liberal platform of China's success has been built, it will lose the important role and role, there are other popular trend, but also a mission accomplished. This platform not established a day, the pursuit of liberal ideas and the role will not lose a day.
Chinese intellectuals, especially those affecting the public intellectuals, their future lies not in the position must adhere to the new left or liberal position, as I indicated, like, what is the truth, stick to anything. then, perhaps the New Left and the liberal team will divide, perhaps of both will no longer be so clear between the lines, perhaps the best two teams of conscience among those who will stand together, and perhaps some of the fame of the people will stand together. I think that this is entirely possible differentiation. In this basis, I think what ...
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